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Pre-Ghaznavid history of Punjab
Ninth and tenth centuries are often coined the "happiest period of Indian history".〔C.V. Vaidya, ''History of Mediaeval Hindu India,'' Vol.II, Chapter VIII: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries, A.D. – The Happiest Period in Indian History, pp. 247–258.〕 This article focuses on the history of this period, particularly in respect of the pre-Ghaznavid Punjab.
Harsha did not leave any able successor and there was chaos after him. A great conqueror like Yashovarman is found ruling in Kannauj for some time. He joined hands with Lalitaditya of Kashmir against inroads by the Arabs and the Tibetans. But the allies fell out soon and Lalitaditya destroyed the power of Yashovarman. It was in the beginning of the ninth century that Kannauj became the capital of the Pratihara Empire and regained its renown. Meanwhile great religious, social and political developments had taken place in the country.
==Religio-cultural resurgence==
Buddhism had been almost entirely supplanted. The great philosophers Kumarila and Shankara had re-established the Aryan (''varnasharam'') religion on firm though new basis, both ritually and spiritually. Islam had not yet appeared on the scene and there was no inter-religious strife. Intra-religious feuds of Hinduism – Shaivism versus Vaishnavism and Advaita versus Dvaita – had not yet come into existence. There was great unity of belief in the people and Shiva was the most predominant deity. The four varnas had not yet imploded into numerous hard-bound castes – an objectionable feature of modern Hinduism.〔C. V. Vaidya, ''History of Mediaeval Hindu India'', Vol. II, Preface. Also others:
“The complete disintegration of the nation into numerous and distinct castes was subsequent to the Muslim conquest of India.” Romesh Chander Dutt, ''A History of Civilization in Ancient India'', Vol. II (Mymensingh District, 1890). p. 214; A. Kumar Mazumdar, ''Early Hindu India: A Dynastic Study'', Vol. III (Dacca, 1917), p. 820; Bhakat Prasad Mazumdar, ''Socio-economic History of Northern India, (1030–1194 AD)'', p. 93; Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra, ''The Gurjara Pratiharas and Their Times:'' and several other authorities on the subject of implosion of the four ''varnas'' into numerous castes.〕 A high moral tone prevailing among the people struck the foreigners who visited India during this period.〔Al Idrisi, “The Indians are naturally inclined to justice and never depart from it in their actions; their good faith, honesty and fidelity to their engagements are well known and they are so famous that people flock to their country from every side and hence the country is flourishing.”〕 It was a great factor in contributing to happiness in the society. The deterioration began from the eleventh century.
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